Fresh water storage

Fresh water storage
Main article: Water resources
Some runoff water is trapped for periods of time, for example in lakes. At high altitude, during winter, and in the far north and south, snow collects in ice caps, snow pack and glaciers. Water also infiltrates the ground and goes into aquifers. This groundwater later flows back to the surface in springs, or more spectacularly in hot springs and geysers. Groundwater is also extracted artificially in wells. This water storage is important, since clean, fresh water is essential to human and other land-based life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply.
Sea water
Main article: Seawater
Sea water contains about 3.5% salt on average, plus smaller amounts of other substances. The physical properties of sea water differ from fresh water in some important respects. It freezes at a lower temperature (about –1.9 °C) and its density increases with decreasing temperature to the freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at a temperature above freezing. The salinity of water in major seas varies from about 0.7% in the Baltic Sea to 4.0% in the Red Sea.
Tides
Main article: Tide
Tides are the cyclic rising and falling of Earth's ocean surface caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of the marine and estuarine water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams. The changing tide produced at a given location is the result of the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth coupled with the effects of Earth rotation and the local bathymetry. The strip of seashore that is submerged at high tide and exposed at low tide, the intertidal zone, is an important ecological product of ocean tides.Fresh water storage
Main article: Water resources
Some runoff water is trapped for periods of time, for example in lakes. At high altitude, during winter, and in the far north and south, snow collects in ice caps, snow pack and glaciers. Water also infiltrates the ground and goes into aquifers. This groundwater later flows back to the surface in springs, or more spectacularly in hot springs and geysers. Groundwater is also extracted artificially in wells. This water storage is important, since clean, fresh water is essential to human and other land-based life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply.
Sea water
Main article: Seawater
Sea water contains about 3.5% salt on average, plus smaller amounts of other substances. The physical properties of sea water differ from fresh water in some important respects. It freezes at a lower temperature (about –1.9 °C) and its density increases with decreasing temperature to the freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at a temperature above freezing. The salinity of water in major seas varies from about 0.7% in the Baltic Sea to 4.0% in the Red Sea.
Tides
Main article: Tide
Tides are the cyclic rising and falling of Earth's ocean surface caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of the marine and estuarine water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams. The changing tide produced at a given location is the result of the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth coupled with the effects of Earth rotation and the local bathymetry. The strip of seashore that is submerged at high tide and exposed at low tide, the intertidal zone, is an important ecological product of ocean tides.

    

High tide (left) and low tide (right)

Water cycle

Main article: Water cycle
Water cycle
The water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuous exchange of water within the hydrosphere, between the atmosphere, soil water, surface water, groundwater, and plants.
Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle consisting of following transfer processes:
evaporation from oceans and other water bodies into the air and transpiration from land plants and animals into air.
precipitation, from water vapor condensing from the air and falling to earth or ocean.runoff from the land usually reaching the sea.
Most water vapor over the oceans returns to the oceans, but winds carry water vapor over land at the same rate as runoff into the sea, about 36 Tt per year. Over land, evaporation and transpiration contribute another 71 Tt per year. Precipitation, at a rate of 107 Tt per year over land, has several forms: most commonly rain, snow, and hail, with some contribution from fog and dew. Condensed water in the air may also refract sunlight to produce rainbows.
Water runoff often collects over watersheds flowing into rivers. A mathematical model used to simulate river or stream flow and calculate water quality parameters is hydrological transport model. Some of water is diverted to irrigation for agriculture. Rivers and seas offer opportunity for travel and commerce. Through erosion, runoff shapes the environment creating river valleys and deltas which provide rich soil and level ground for the establishment of population centers. A flood occurs when an area of land, usually low-lying, is covered with water. It is when a river overflows its banks or flood from the sea. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. This occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation.

Aquatic life forms

Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef
Aquatic life forms
Main articles: Hydrobiology and Aquatic plant



Some marine diatoms – a key phytoplankton group
Earth's surface waters are filled with life. The earliest life forms appeared in water; nearly all fish live exclusively in water, and there are many types of marine mammals, such as dolphins and whales. Some kinds of animals, such as amphibians, spend portions of their lives in water and portions on land. Plants such as kelp and algae grow in the water and are the basis for some underwater ecosystems. Plankton is generally the foundation of the ocean food chain.

Aquatic vertebrates must obtain oxygen to survive, and they do so in various ways. Fish have gills instead of lungs, although some species of fish, such as the lungfish, have both. Marine mammals, such as dolphins, whales, otters, and seals need to surface periodically to breathe air. Some amphibians are able to absorb oxygen through their skin. Invertebrates exhibit a wide range of modifications to survive in poorly oxygenated waters including breathing tubes (see insect and mollusc siphons) and gills (Carcinus). However as invertebrate life evolved in an aquatic habitat most have little or no specialisation for respiration in water.


Some marine diatoms – a key phytoplankton group

All-Water Series

All-Water Series

Water                                                   of the water                       water teksture

• Overview
• Specs
• Extras
• Colors

The name, the design, the function; they all come together perfectly with the All-Water. Like all Jackson Kayak designs, the All-Water provides ultra comfort and the highest performance in it’s class. This whitewater/touring hybrid design takes you down the river with confidence and across the lake with precision glide… all in one kayak. A step up from the hybrids of past for better speed and tracking ability, while offering the best of Jackson Kayak’s whitewater expertise and super easy to roll characteristics, assuring the paddler big gains in confidence and ability.

This boat is a David Knight design and you can see some of the classic Jackson Kayak shaping in this brand new package. This boat is not dressed down, but instead offers a complete outfitting package. Boat Armor outfitting, including the Sweet cheeks, Sure-lock backband, and our first true waterproof easy access hatch for dry stowage. Our own skeg design really puts this boat over the top. Infinitely adjustable, streamlined skeg box for minimum drag, and a skeg that lets you paddle on autopilot and check out the scenery without worrying about getting off track.

Look for the All-Water to debut in March in two sizes; 9’ and the 10’. These boats are designed to carry a lot of gear if need be for overnights. Max weight (paddler+gear) for the 9’ model is designed for up to 200 pounds while the 10’ model handles up to 280 easily.

This boat is perfect for the paddler that wants a kayak that does it “All”. Meandering rivers, Multi days, light touring, or whitewater It is fully functional for those wanting to venture into some excitement.

Why choose a boat for different conditions when you can have it all in one boat- the All-Water!

The All Water 9 - $899 US (Super Linear)

• Length: 9"4"
• Width: 25.75
• Height: 13.5"
• Volume: 2.4 cubic feet
• Target weight range: 155 lbs
• Cockpit: 34-3/4” x 20-1/2”

The All Water 10 - $899 US (Super Linear)

• Length: 10'0"
• Width: 27.5"
• Height: 14.5
• Volume: 3.0 cubic feet
• Target weight range: 195 lbs
• Cockpit: 37” x 21-3/4”

Accessories:

• Happy Seat/Thruster Combo
• Sweet Cheeks 100

Instructional Materials:

• Rolling and Bracing
• River Running Basics/Advanced River Running
• Strokes and Concepts

SUPER LINEAR (SL) COLORS:

MULTI COLORS: These are the multicolor boats that you see on the retail floor. If you order an Elite multicolor, the colors and pattern are determined by our molding staff, resulting in an almost unlimited array of possibilities, some bright and bold, some subtle. If you want to specify your own colors and/or pattern, then you want a "custom multicolor". You can mix any of the colors you see here and you can give us a description of what you want your boat to look like. We are not able to mold extremely complex patterns. Have your dealer contact Jackson customer service if you have questions about what is and is not possible. A custom boat adds $75 to the price of a boat. This charge is the same for any solid or multicolor custom.

All Water

All-Water Series

• Overview
• Specs
• Extras
• Colors

The name, the design, the function; they all come together perfectly with the All-Water. Like all Jackson Kayak designs, the All-Water provides ultra comfort and the highest performance in it’s class. This whitewater/touring hybrid design takes you down the river with confidence and across the lake with precision glide… all in one kayak. A step up from the hybrids of past for better speed and tracking ability, while offering the best of Jackson Kayak’s whitewater expertise and super easy to roll characteristics, assuring the paddler big gains in confidence and ability.

This boat is a David Knight design and you can see some of the classic Jackson Kayak shaping in this brand new package. This boat is not dressed down, but instead offers a complete outfitting package. Boat Armor outfitting, including the Sweet cheeks, Sure-lock backband, and our first true waterproof easy access hatch for dry stowage. Our own skeg design really puts this boat over the top. Infinitely adjustable, streamlined skeg box for minimum drag, and a skeg that lets you paddle on autopilot and check out the scenery without worrying about getting off track.

Look for the All-Water to debut in March in two sizes; 9’ and the 10’. These boats are designed to carry a lot of gear if need be for overnights. Max weight (paddler+gear) for the 9’ model is designed for up to 200 pounds while the 10’ model handles up to 280 easily.

This boat is perfect for the paddler that wants a kayak that does it “All”. Meandering rivers, Multi days, light touring, or whitewater It is fully functional for those wanting to venture into some excitement.

Why choose a boat for different conditions when you can have it all in one boat- the All-Water!

The All Water 9 - $899 US (Super Linear)

• Length: 9"4"
• Width: 25.75
• Height: 13.5"
• Volume: 2.4 cubic feet
• Target weight range: 155 lbs
• Cockpit: 34-3/4” x 20-1/2”

The All Water 10 - $899 US (Super Linear)

• Length: 10'0"
• Width: 27.5"
• Height: 14.5
• Volume: 3.0 cubic feet
• Target weight range: 195 lbs
• Cockpit: 37” x 21-3/4”

Accessories:

• Happy Seat/Thruster Combo
• Sweet Cheeks 100

Instructional Materials:

• Rolling and Bracing
• River Running Basics/Advanced River Running
• Strokes and Concepts

SUPER LINEAR (SL) COLORS:

MULTI COLORS: These are the multicolor boats that you see on the retail floor. If you order an Elite multicolor, the colors and pattern are determined by our molding staff, resulting in an almost unlimited array of possibilities, some bright and bold, some subtle. If you want to specify your own colors and/or pattern, then you want a "custom multicolor". You can mix any of the colors you see here and you can give us a description of what you want your boat to look like. We are not able to mold extremely complex patterns. Have your dealer contact Jackson customer service if you have questions about what is and is not possible. A custom boat adds $75 to the price of a boat. This charge is the same for any solid or multicolor custom.

- - -

SL standard multicolors are similar to what is shown here, but each will vary somewhat. Any other SL multicolor is a custom. Any custom, solid or multicolor, adds $75 to the price of the boat.

Join us in our JK Community, set up a blog, share your JK Lyfestyles with other JK kayak owners and the entire JK Team!

Water&Envronmental Sanitation

Overview - Water & Environmental Sanitation

© UNICEF/IDSA/020/Estey

A young boy enjoys the water from a spring at Teluk Dalam, Nias, several days after an earthquake devastated the island in February this year.

Water and sanitation conditions remain very poor in most areas of Indonesia, resulting in high rates of susceptibility to water-related diseases, especially among children. In 2004, only 53.4% of Indonesia’s population obtained its water from sources further than 10 metres from excreta disposal sites – a universal standard for water safety. In Jakarta, for instance, 84% of samples from shallow wells were contaminated by faecal coliform.Since communities are not always aware of the importance of good hygiene, hygiene practices are often not conducive to good health, and latrines are not maintained or used appropriately. High occurrences of diarrhoea, skin disease, intestinal and other waterborne disease in low-income communities therefore remain a frequent obstacle to improving child health more generally.

Besides poor access to safe water, a failure to aggressively promote behavioural change - particularly among low-income families and slum dwellers – has further worsened Indonesia’s water and sanitation situation. The provision of clean drinking water has unfortunately not yet been taken up as a serious development priority in Indonesia, particularly at the provincial government level.

(Read about UNICEF's response for Water & Environmental Sanitation in Indonesia)

The True Power of water

The True Power Of Water


Dan Kami ciptakan dari air segala sesuatu yang hidup." (Q.S. Al Anbiya:30)

Dalam kitab-kitab tafsir klasik, ayat tadi diartikan bahwa tanpa air semua akan mati kehausan. Tetapi di Jepang, Dr. Masaru Em oto dari Universitas Yokohama dengan tekun melakukan penelitian tentang perilaku air.

Air murni dari mata air di Pulau Honshu didoakan secara agama Shinto, lalu didinginkan sampai -5oC di laboratorium, lantas difoto dengan mikroskop elektron dengan kamera kecepatan tinggi. Ternyata molekul air membentuk kristal segi enam yang indah. Percobaan diulangi dengan membacakan kata, "Arigato (terima kasih dalam bahasa Jepang)" di depan botol air tadi. Kristal kembali membentuk sangat indah. Lalu dicoba dengan menghadapkan tulisan huruf Jepang, "Arigato". Kristal membentuk dengan keindahan yang sama. Selanjutnya ditunjukkan kata "setan", kristal berbentuk buruk. Diputarkan musik Symphony Mozart, kristal muncul berbentuk bunga. Ketika musik heavy metal diperdengarkan, kristal hancur.

Ketika 500 orang berkonsentrasi memusatkan pesan "peace" di depan sebotol air, kristal air tadi mengembang bercabang-cabang dengan indahnya. Dan ketika dicoba dibacakan doa Islam, kristal bersegi enam dengan lima cabang daun muncul berkilauan. Subhanallah.

Dr. Emoto akhirnya berkeliling dunia melakukan percobaan dengan air di Swiss, Berlin, Prancis, Palestina, dan ia kemudian diundang ke Markas Besar PBB di New York untuk mempresentasikan temuannya pada bulan Maret 2005 lalu. Ternyata air bisa "mendengar" kata-kata, bisa "membaca" tulisan, dan bisa "mengerti" pesan. Dalam bukunya The Hidden Message in Water, Dr. Masaru Emoto menguraikan bahwa air bersifat bisa merekam pesan, seperti pita magnetik atau compact disk.

Semakin kuat konsentrasi pemberi pesan, semakin dalam pesan tercetak di air. Air bisa mentransfer pesan tadi melalui molekul air yang lain. Barangkali temuan ini bisa menjelaskan, kenapa air putih yang didoakan bisa menyembuhkan si sakit. Dulu ini kita anggap musyrik, atau paling sedikit kita anggap sekadar sugesti, tetapi ternyata molekul air itu menangkap pesan doa kesembuhan, menyimpannya, lalu vibrasinya merambat kepada molekul air lain yang ada di tubuh si sakit.

Tubuh manusia memang 75% terdiri atas air. Otak 74,5% air. Darah 82% air. Tulang yang keras pun mengandung 22% air. Air putih galon di rumah, bisa setiap hari didoakan dengan khusyu kepada Allah, agar anak yang meminumnya saleh, sehat, dan cerdas, dan agar suami yang meminum tetap setia. Air tadi akan berproses di tubuh meneruskan pesan kepada air di otak dan pembuluh darah. Dengan izin Allah, pesan tadi akan dilaksanakan tubuh tanpa kita sadari. Bila air minum di suatu kota didoakan dengan serius untuk kesalehan, insya Allah semua penduduk yang meminumnya akan menjadi baik dan tidak beringas.

Rasulullah saw. bersabda, "Zamzam lima syuriba lahu", "Air zamzam akan melaksanakan pesan dan niat yang meminumnya". Barangsiapa minum supaya kenyang, dia akan kenyang. Barangsiapa minum untuk menyembuhkan sakit, dia akan sembuh. Subhanallah ... Pantaslah air zamzam begitu berkhasiat karena dia menyimpan pesan doa jutaan manusia selama ribuan tahun sejak Nabi Ibrahim a.s.

Bila kita renungkan berpuluh ayat Al Quran tentang air, kita akan tersentak bahwa Allah rupanya selalu menarik perhatian kita kepada air.

Bahwa air tidak sekadar benda mati. Dia menyimpan kekuatan, daya rekam, daya penyembuh, dan sifat-sifat aneh lagi yang menunggu disingkap manusia. Islam adalah agama yang paling melekat dengan air. Shalat wajib perlu air wudlu 5 kali sehari. Habis bercampur, suami istri wajib mandi. Mati pun wajib dimandikan. Tidak ada agama lain yang menyuruh memandikan jenazah, malahan ada yang dibakar. Tetapi kita belum melakukan zikir air. Kita masih perlakukan air tanpa respek. Kita buang secara mubazir, bahkan kita cemari. Astaghfirullah.

Seorang ilmuwan Jepang telah merintis. Ilmuwan muslim harus melanjutkan kajian kehidupan ini berdasarkan Al Quran dan hadis.

Wallahu a'lam ...

adopted from: INAFE 2006
tonitegarsahidi [at ]yahoo.com

Chemical and Physical Properties

Chemical and physical propertiesm
from Wikipedia
Main articles: Water (properties), Water (data page), and Water model

Model of hydrogen bonds between molecules of water

Impact from a water drop causes an upward "rebound" jet surrounded by circular capillary waves.

Snowflakes by Wilson Bentley, 1902

Dew drops adhering to a spider web

Capillary action of water compared to mercury

Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O: one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.

Water appears in nature in all three common states of matter and may take many different forms on Earth: water vapor and clouds in the sky; seawater and icebergs in the polar oceans; glaciers and rivers in the mountains; and the liquid in aquifers in the ground.

At high temperatures and pressures, such as in the interior of giant planets, it is argued that water exists as ionic water in which the molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and at even higher pressures as superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice.[10]

The major chemical and physical properties of water are:
Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at standard temperature and pressure. The color of water and ice is, intrinsically, a very slight blue hue, although water appears colorless in small quantities. Ice also appears colorless, and water vapor is essentially invisible as a gas.[11]
Water is transparent, and thus aquatic plants can live within the water because sunlight can reach them. Only strong UV light is slightly absorbed.
Since the water molecule is not linear and the oxygen atom has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen atoms, it carries a slight negative charge, whereas the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive. As a result, water is a polar molecule with an electrical dipole moment. Water also can form an unusually large number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds (four) for a molecule of its size. These factors lead to strong attractive forces between molecules of water, giving rise to water's high surface tension[12] and capillary forces. The capillary action refers to the tendency of water to move up a narrow tube against the force of gravity. This property is relied upon by all vascular plants, such as trees.
Water is a good solvent and is often referred to as the universal solvent. Substances that dissolve in water, e.g., salts, sugars, acids, alkalis, and some gases – especially oxygen, carbon dioxide (carbonation) are known as hydrophilic (water-loving) substances, while those that do not mix well with water (e.g., fats and oils), are known as hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances.
All the major components in cells (proteins, DNA and polysaccharides) are also dissolved in water.
Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, but this increases significantly with the dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as sodium chloride.
The boiling point of water (and all other liquids) is dependent on the barometric pressure. For example, on the top of Mt. Everest water boils at 68 °C (154 °F), compared to 100 °C (212 °F) at sea level. Conversely, water deep in the ocean near geothermal vents can reach temperatures of hundreds of degrees and remain liquid.
Water has the second highest molar specific heat capacity of any known substance, after ammonia, as well as a high heat of vaporization (40.65 kJ·mol−1), both of which are a result of the extensive hydrogen bonding between its molecules. These two unusual properties allow water to moderate Earth's climate by buffering large fluctuations in temperature.
The maximum density of water occurs at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F).[13] It has the anomalous property of becoming less dense, not more, when it is cooled down to its solid form, ice. It expands to occupy 9% greater volume in this solid state, which accounts for the fact of ice floating on liquid water.

ADR label for transporting goods dangerously reactive with water
Water is miscible with many liquids, such as ethanol, in all proportions, forming a single homogeneous liquid. On the other hand, water and most oils are immiscible usually forming layers according to increasing density from the top. As a gas, water vapor is completely miscible with air.
Water forms an azeotrope with many other solvents.
Water can be split by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen.
As an oxide of hydrogen, water is formed when hydrogen or hydrogen-containing compounds burn or react with oxygen or oxygen-containing compounds. Water is not a fuel, it is an end-product of the combustion of hydrogen. The energy required to split water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis or any other means is greater than the energy released when the hydrogen and oxygen recombine.[14]
Elements which are more electropositive than hydrogen such as lithium, sodium, calcium, potassium and caesium displace hydrogen from water, forming hydroxides. Being a flammable gas, the hydrogen given off is dangerous and the reaction of water with the more electropositive of these elements may be violently explosive.

water

Water
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



This article is about general aspects of water. For a detailed discussion of its properties, see Properties of water. For other uses, see Water (disambiguation).

Water in three states: liquid, solid (ice), and (invisible) water vapor in the air. Clouds are accumulations of water droplets, condensed from vapor-saturated air.

Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state, water vapor or steam.

Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface,[1] and is vital for all known forms of life.[2] On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.[3] Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%. A very small amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.

Water on Earth moves continually through a cycle of evaporation or transpiration (evapotranspiration), precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Over land, evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.

Clean drinking water is essential to human and other lifeforms. Access to safe drinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decades in almost every part of the world.[4][5] There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and GDP per capita.[6] However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability.[7] A recent report (November 2009) suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%.[8] Water plays an important role in the world economy, as it functions as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation. Approximately 70% of freshwater is consumed by agriculture.[9]